1859-65 - Civil War, Slavery Abolished
1870 - 5th Amendment: African American men are granted the right to vote (women would only earn it in the19th Amendment of 1920).
HOWEVER, the conditions to be eligible for voting (ballot-toll, literacy, etc) prevented in practice the majority of Afro-Americans from casting their votes.
1910 - Foundation of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) with the monthly magazine Crisis
1914 - Marcus Garvey establishes the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), whose motto is 'One God, One Aim, One Destiny'.
1919 - W. E. B. Dubois organizes de Pan-African Congress in Paris
1920-1933 - Prohibition
1920's: the jazz wave hits Beale Street (Memphis Blues: Armstrong, Muddie Waters, Albert King...)
1921 - Langston Hughes enrolls in Columbia Univ (will leave one year later on account of racial prejudice) and publishes "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" in Crisis.
1922 - Publication of the anthology The Book of American Negro Poetry.
1924 - Countee Cullen wins the Witter Bynner Poetry Competition
1925 - Anthology The New Negro (ed. Alain Locke), with Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston. consecrates the Harlem Renaissance.
1930 - Foundation of the Nation of Islam, associated with Black Nationalism
1934 - Elijah Muhammad directs the Nation of Islam.
1937 - Zora Neale Hurston publishes Their Eyes Were Watching God.
1952 - Malcolm X earns parole from prison and 1952, quickly rises to become one of the Nation of Islam's most influential leaders
1954 - Brown v. Board decision declares segregation in public schools illegal. However, desegregation was not a peaceful choice (neither for whites nor blacks, since the former preferred racial balance to open social arrangements of where to study, work, live, etc.)
1955- The Montgomery Bus Boycott begins on December 5 after Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus.
1957- The Southern Christian Leadership Conference establishes and adopts nonviolent mass action as its cornerstone strategy to gain civil rights and opportunities for blacks. Working initially in the South under the leadership of Martin Luther King, by the mid 1960's King enlarges the organization's focus to address racism in the North.
1963, Spring - activists in Birmingham, Alabama launched The Birmingham Campaign, a series of lunch counter sit-ins, marches on City Hall and boycotts on downtown merchants to protest segregation laws in the city.
1963 - March to Washington (August) and "I have a dream" speech.
1964 - Malcolm X delivers "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech, after having parted with the Nation of Islam, but still defending separatism rather than integration.
1965 - On February, Malcolm X is assassinated. On March, blacks begin a march to Montgomery in support of voting rights but are stopped at the Pettus Bridge by a police blockade. Fifty marchers are hospitalized after police use tear gas, whips, and clubs against them. The incident is dubbed "Bloody Sunday" by the media. The march is considered the catalyst for pushing through the voting rights act five months later.
1968 - Martin Luther King is murdered.
1870 - 5th Amendment: African American men are granted the right to vote (women would only earn it in the19th Amendment of 1920).
HOWEVER, the conditions to be eligible for voting (ballot-toll, literacy, etc) prevented in practice the majority of Afro-Americans from casting their votes.
1910 - Foundation of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) with the monthly magazine Crisis
1914 - Marcus Garvey establishes the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), whose motto is 'One God, One Aim, One Destiny'.
1919 - W. E. B. Dubois organizes de Pan-African Congress in Paris
1920-1933 - Prohibition
1920's: the jazz wave hits Beale Street (Memphis Blues: Armstrong, Muddie Waters, Albert King...)
1921 - Langston Hughes enrolls in Columbia Univ (will leave one year later on account of racial prejudice) and publishes "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" in Crisis.
1922 - Publication of the anthology The Book of American Negro Poetry.
1924 - Countee Cullen wins the Witter Bynner Poetry Competition
1925 - Anthology The New Negro (ed. Alain Locke), with Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston. consecrates the Harlem Renaissance.
1930 - Foundation of the Nation of Islam, associated with Black Nationalism
1934 - Elijah Muhammad directs the Nation of Islam.
1937 - Zora Neale Hurston publishes Their Eyes Were Watching God.
1952 - Malcolm X earns parole from prison and 1952, quickly rises to become one of the Nation of Islam's most influential leaders
1954 - Brown v. Board decision declares segregation in public schools illegal. However, desegregation was not a peaceful choice (neither for whites nor blacks, since the former preferred racial balance to open social arrangements of where to study, work, live, etc.)
1955- The Montgomery Bus Boycott begins on December 5 after Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus.
1957- The Southern Christian Leadership Conference establishes and adopts nonviolent mass action as its cornerstone strategy to gain civil rights and opportunities for blacks. Working initially in the South under the leadership of Martin Luther King, by the mid 1960's King enlarges the organization's focus to address racism in the North.
1963, Spring - activists in Birmingham, Alabama launched The Birmingham Campaign, a series of lunch counter sit-ins, marches on City Hall and boycotts on downtown merchants to protest segregation laws in the city.
Over the next couple months, the peaceful demonstrations would be met with violent attacks using high-pressure fire hoses and police dogs on men, women and children alike -- producing some of the most iconic and troubling images of the Civil Rights Movement.
1963 - March to Washington (August) and "I have a dream" speech.
1964 - Malcolm X delivers "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech, after having parted with the Nation of Islam, but still defending separatism rather than integration.
1965 - On February, Malcolm X is assassinated. On March, blacks begin a march to Montgomery in support of voting rights but are stopped at the Pettus Bridge by a police blockade. Fifty marchers are hospitalized after police use tear gas, whips, and clubs against them. The incident is dubbed "Bloody Sunday" by the media. The march is considered the catalyst for pushing through the voting rights act five months later.
Sobre Malcolm X, reli este site http://malcolmx.com que tem a sua biografia. Já o tinha utilizado numa outra cadeira de estudos norte-americanos e parece-me interessante para quem queira ter uma ideia geral da sua vida e datas.
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